高中英语语法大梳理

在此提前声明，本期内容非常干，不是一两杯水可以就下去的！一共一万多字，更倾向于总复习中的语法梳理，但也很鼓励低年级同学提前了解，提前收藏。好了，准备一杯奶茶在旁边开始啃吧：

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动词时态1.一般现在时：
a.频率性词的出现：always,every time,now and then,occasionally,often,seldom,never,sometimes,usually,every day/night
b.主将从现（时间状语从句，条件状语从句，让步状语从句）
2.一般过去时：
a.与现在无关的动作：yesterday,the other day(专指过去的某一天）
b.虽未明确指出过去时间，但实际上已经过去，常与know,think,expect,want连用
3.一般将来时：
a.shall/will+动词原型/in+时间段
b.be going to(按计划/有迹象要发生......)
be to(按计划/职责，义务，意图，禁止）（例：the meeting is to be held tomorrow)
be about to(正要，即将，不与具体表示将来的时间连用）（例：the train is about to start)
be on the point of doing(注意搭配）
c.一般现在时表将来（时间，时刻，日程表）：go,arrive,leave,start,stay,return,begin,come
d.现在进行时表将来（有位置转移）：同上的动词外加have,wear,run out(例1:the food is running out食物快要吃完了;例2：i am meeting peter this afternoon)
4.现在进行时：
a.表示最近正在进行
5.过去进行时：
a.标志性短语:at that time,at that moment,at this time yesterday
b.when,while引导的从句中（例：jack was working when i came in)
6.将来进行时：
a.标志性词：at this time tomorrow,by then,(例：she will be teaching at that time)
7.现在完成时：
a.标志性词：already,just,yet,before,lately,recently,up to now,till now,so far,in the past few days/years
b.since+时间点/for+时间段
c.条件状语从句/时间状语从句中用现在完成时表将来（例：i will give my opinion when i have read the book)
8.过去完成时：
a.有明显的过去的过去（例：i came across david,whom i had not seen for years)
b.过去打算而未实现:hope,want,expect,think,mean,suppose,plan,intend(例：i had hoped to send him a gift, but i could not manage it)主句动作先于从句动作发生用过去完成时
9.特殊句式：（划重点啦！！！）
a.this/it/that is the first time +that+sb. have/has done
this/it/that was the first time +that+sb. had done
b.it /this is was the +最高级+名词+that(定语从句）（定从谓语动词用完成时）
c. it is/has been+时间段+since sb. did
it was/had been+时间段+since sb. had done
d. hardly/scarcely when/no sooner ...than(主句用过去完成时，从句一般过去时）
情态动词1.cannot...too/enough无论...也不过分/越...越好
（例：i cant thank you too much我非常感谢你）
2.may as well+动词原型（最好，倒不如...)
(例：since it is raining hard,you may as well stay here)
3.情态动词+have done(不是虚拟语气）
a.对过去的推测（have done)（注意中文翻译，阅读理解时容易出错）
.must have done 一定做过
.cant have done 过去不可能做过
.can/could(may/might) have done过去可能做过
.may/might not have done过去可能没做
b.对过去的后悔/遗憾/责备(have done)
.could have done 本能做但未做
.should have done 本应做但未做
.shouldt have done 本不应该做但做了
.needt have done 没必要做但做了
动词语态1.主动和被动语态
2.特殊情况：
a.主动表被动
.系动词（am,is,are,感官动词）+形容词/名词
.表属性的词：sell,read,cut,wash,write,open,wear,run,burn)
（例：the food sells well)
b.无被动语态
.及物动词：have,cost,lack,own,belong to,date back to,take part in
(例：the book costs me 10 dollars)
.不及物动词：happen,take,place,occur,remain,last,break out,come,out(出版),come up,run out,consist of
(例：the civil war broke out)
主谓一致1.-ing,to do,从句，不定代词作主语，谓语动词用单数
2.就远原则：with,together,as well as,like,but,except,along with,rather than,including,in addition to
3.many a/more than one+单数名词，谓语动词用单数
4.each,every,no修饰名词做主语时，谓语动词用单数(即使有and 也用单数）
（例：every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party)
5.集体名词强调整体时谓动单数，强调其中的每个成员时谓动复数：family,class,group,team,public,committee,government,audience
6.分数/百分数/the majority of +名词，谓动取决于名词的单复数
7.时间，重量，金额，距离谓动单数
8.就近原则：or,not...but,either...or...,neither...nor...,not only...but also...
9.kind,form,type,sort,species,series quantity+of谓动取决于这些词的单复数而不是后面的名词（与6区分）
10.特殊情况：
.there is no point (in)doing
.there is no need(for sb.)to do
.there is no difficulty in doing
.there is no possibility of doing
特殊句式1.强调句：
a.it is/was +被强调+that/who
b.it is was not until+被强调+that
改为一般疑问句：is/was it +强调+that/who...?
特殊：疑问句（被强调）+is/was+it+that...?
2.倒装句（下列词放句首要倒装）：
a.完全倒装（把整个谓语放主语前面）：
here,there,now,then,up,down,in,out,away,off,in the room,on the wall
(例：here goes the bus)
b.部分倒装（只把谓语的一部分放主语前面）:
.否定副词放句首：never,neither,nor,hardly,little,seldom,rarely,barely
.否定介词放句首：at no time,by no means,on no condition,in no case
.only,not only...but also...,not until句式
3.省略句：
a. want,except,hope,intend,mean,try,wish+to后面的句子跟前面句子一样时，保留to省略句子
(例：people may feel forced when asked to do things that they dont want to)
b. but做介词”除...之外”前有（实义动词）do,后略to;反之亦然
(例：he will have no choice but to meet an challenge)
(例：i couldt do but wait)
4.感叹句（不要只会形容词前就是how!)：
a.what a/an+adj.+单数名词+主语+谓d动
b.what+adj.+不可数名词/可数名词复数+主语+谓语
c.how+adj./adv.+主语+谓语
d.how+adj.+a/an+单数可数名词+主语+谓语（易与a,b混淆）
e.how+主语+谓语
（例：how strange a plant=what a strange plant——d和a）
（例：what terrible problems we would face——b)
5.there be句型：
a.一般句型
b. 与助动词/情态动词连用：there have been,there can be
c.be 可由以下词代换：live,remain,stand,lie,exist,seem to be,appear to be,happen to be,used to be
非谓语动词1.非谓形式：
a.不定式：
.一般式：to do(主动）——to be done(被动）（与谓语同时发生或在谓动之后发生）
.进行式：to be doing（与谓动同时发生）
.完成式：to have done(主动）——to have been done(被动）（先于谓动发生）
b.现在分词——（一般式）doing(主动）——being done（被动）(与谓动同时发生）
c.现在分词（完成式）having done(主动）——having been done（被动）（先于谓动发生）
d.过去分词：done(与主语是被动关系）
2.非谓作状语：
a.to do 类：主语+系动词+adj.+to do
以下形容词：easy,difficult,hard,cheap,expensive,fit,comfortable,heavy,good,important
b.分词类：与主语谓动逻辑上的被动关系
c.独立主格：
.主语+非谓（例：weather permitting,we will go on an outing on the beach)
.with+宾语+doing/to do/done
(例：with some many things to do,i have no time to watch the movie)
d.独立成分：generally speaking,judging from,compares with...
3.非谓作定语：
a.表将来的动作（放修饰词后）to do 类：
.序数词/形容词最高级/the last/the only之后用to do
.抽象名词之后：ability,chance,idea,hope,wish,fact,excuse,promise,attempt,way
b.分词类：主动-ing,被动-ed
c.特殊例子：
.i have a letter to post 我自己去寄信
.i have a letter to be post 别人替我寄信
4.非谓作宾语：
a.只接to do：decide,determine,learn,want,expect,,refuse,care,pretend,offer,promise,choose,plan,agree,ask,beg
allow,permit,forbid,advise+doing/sb,

to do sth.
b.to do和doing意义不同
try to do(尽力做）/try doing（尝试做），mean to do(打算做）/mean doing（意味着)
c.做需要时-ing/to be done表被动:want,need,require,worth,deserve,consider
(例：the windows needs cleaning=the windows needs to be cleaned)
d.介词后-ing
feel like,insist on,get down to,be/get used to,object to,give up,have fun (in) +doing
后跟-ing的词：pardon,delay,put off,deny,finish,imagine,risk,mind+doing
5.非谓作宾语补足语：
a.动词+sb. to do
advise,cause,force,intend,remind,call on,warn
b.分词类：-ing/done
.感官动词：see,watch,observe,notice,hear,listen,feel
.使役动词:have,get,find,leave,keep,catch
6.特殊形式：
a.it 作形式主语+to do
b. its a waste of time doing
its no use/good doing
there is no use to do
have sb.doing 有容忍之意
（例：i wont have you speaking to your dad like that)
c.当不定式所修饰名词为time,place,way时，介词常省略
（例：he has a house to live in; she

has no place to live)
d.remain to be done仍需去做
名词性从句1.主语从句：（that放句首不可省）
a.that,whether,if只起连接作用，不作成分
（例：whether the meeting will be held is still a problem)
b.what,who,whose,which,whatever,whichever,whoever作主，宾，表语
c.how,when,where,why从句中作状语
d. it作形式主语
.it be adj.(necessary,likely,important,certain,obvious,true,natural,good,wonderful)+从句
.it be +名词短语（a pity,a shame,no wonder)+从句
.it be+过去分词（said,told,reported，thought,expected,decided,arranged)+从句
.it+特殊动词（seem,appear,happen,matter)+从句
2.宾语从句：
a.连接词
从属连词不作成分：that,whether,if
连接代词作成分：what,who,whose,which,whatever,whichever,whoever
连接副词作状语：how,when,where,why,whenever,wherever
b.it作形式宾语
.动词（find,feel,think,make,consider)+it+宾补+从句
.动词（hate,like,dislike,appreciate,enjoy)+it+从句
.动词短语（see to,depend on,rely on)+it+从句
.固定搭配（take it for granted,own it to sb.)+从句
（例：i have made it a rule that i keep diaries
that we are invited to the concert is good news——句首that不可省
she will give whoever needs help warm support这里是宾语从句不是定语从句哦）
3.表语从句：
a.as if/as though好像，仿佛
常跟系动词:be动词，seem,appear,look,taste,sound,feel,smell
若表从所述非真实，则从句虚拟语气；若所述极可能发生，则从句陈述语气
b. that/this/it is why+结果：......的原因
c.that/this/it is because+原因：那是因为......
4.同位语从句：
a.that,whether不作句子成分；if不引导同位语从句；同位语从句中连接词不可省略
b.常用抽象名词（后面直接用that)
同虚拟：advice,suggest,demand,request,wish,order
四消息：news,word,information,message
四真相：fact,truth,report,conclusion
二p:problem,possibility
c.区别同从和定从：同从完整（有自己的主谓宾），定从不完整
例：the news that our football team won the match was encouraging(同从！that不可省）
the news (that) we heard on the radio was not true(定从，这里的that可省）
状语从句1.时间状语从句：
a.连词
.when,从句动词为延续性动词/非延续性动词，与主句谓动同时/先后发生
.while,从句谓动为延续性动词，与主句动词同时发生
.as，从句谓动与主句谓动同时发生/交替发生，译为：”一边...,一边...
（例：he hurried home,looking behind as he went)
（例：as the average age of the population increases,there are more old people to care for)
b.一......就......
.词组：as soon as,the moment,the minute,the instant,immediately,directly,instantly,hardly...when,
.短语：be about to do...when...
be on the point of doing...when...
be doing...when...
have just done...when...
c.bofore表示“在...之前”，“还未...就...
.it will be/was+一段时间+before:过了多久才......
.it wont+一段时间+before:没过多久就......
d.since表示：”自从.....以来“
.it is/has been +一段时间+since
since从句一般过去式，主句现在完成时/现在完成进行时
it is+一段时间+since+从句延续性动词，则表示某状态终止（若从句为非延续性动词，表示某动作的开始）
（例：it is 3 years since i smoked 我不吸烟3年了
it is 3 years since i begin to smoke 我吸烟三年了）
e.till/until
.主句肯定句：直到......为止（主句谓动一定为延续性动词）
.主句否定句：not......until/till:直到......才（主句谓动为非延续性动词）
until可以放句首，till不可以
f.名词短语：every time,each time,next time,the first time,by the time(后面不需要when作引导词！改错易漏）
.no sooner...than,hardly/scarcely...when主句过完，从句一般过去时，放首句要倒装！
例：i had hardly got home when it begin to rain
hardly had i got home when it begin to rain
.not until的强调句和倒装句
.it was not until you told me that i had any idea of it
.not until you told me did i have any idea of it
2.让步状语从句：
a.引导词：although,though,as while,even if,even though:即使
b.疑问词+ever=no matter+疑问词：无论......
(例：however/no matter how hard you try, it is difficult to lose weight)
c.whether...or...”无论......还是......提供两种对比情况
d.易混点
.though引导从句可倒装也可不倒
.although从句不倒装
.as引导从句要倒装，模板：表语/状语/谓语中的实义动词+as/though+其他（若表语为可数名词单数时，前置时应省略冠词）
.though可作副词“然而”放句首
.while引导让步状语从句一般放句首
3.其他从句：
a.条件状语从句:if,unless=if not,so/as long as ,in case(万一）,on condition that,suppose/supposing
b.原因状语从句:because,as,since,now that,considering that(鉴于）
(例：now that/since everyone is here,lets begin our meeting)
c.目的状语从句:so that,in order that,in case(以防）
d.结果状语从句：so that,so.....that,such...that
e.地点状语从句:where,wherever
f.方式状语从句:as(好像，正如），as if,as though
(例：as it is raining,we shall not go to the park)
g.比较状语从句:than,as...as...,not as/so......as......
h.so......that......和such......that......
.so+adj./adv.+that
so+adj.+a/an+可数名词单数+that
so+many/much/few/little+名词+that
.such+a/an+adj.+可数名词单数+that
such+adj.+可数名词复数/不可数名词+that
such+a lot of+名词+that
定语从句1.关系代词：
a.介词提到关系代词前，只能用whom,不可用who
b.用that不用which
.先行词为all,few,little,much,something,anything,nothing
.先行词被the only,the very,the same,all,every,some,no,just等修饰时
.先行词为序数词/形容词最高级或被其修饰时
.先行词既有人又有物
c.只用which不用that
.非限制性定语从句
.关系代词前有介词
c.只用who不用that
.先行词为指人的：one,ones,anyone,no one,those
.there be 结构中先行词指人时
.分隔性定语从句
d.as引导非限制性定语从句，
从句谓动多为see,know,expect,say,mention,report
e.which引导非限制性定从，主从句常有并列/因果关系
.such+名词+as(像......一样）
.the same +名词+as（和.....同样的）
.so......as
2.关系副词：
a.从句表时间的状语：when=(in,on,at,during)+which
b.从句作地点状语：where=(in.on.at)+which
c.表原因状语：why=for which
d.先行词为situation,case,stage,point,activity,在定从中作状语时用where
3.介词+关系代词：
a.the+名词+of which/whom,一般引导非限制性定从，为所属关系
b.表示全部或部分的词+of which/whom
.不定代词：all,both,none,some,most
.数词（基数词，序数词，分数，百分数）
.the+形容词比较级/最高级
c.介词+which+名词
（例：he may win the game, in which case he is likely to get into the national team)
虚拟语气1.if条件句：